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Advice You - Ant Colony Optimisation for E-Learning Applications Over a Secure Network
This work was initiated when Paraschool, the French leading e-learning company contacted the INRIA research center to conceive an automatic algorithm that would allow the relatively rigid albeit functional existing Paraschool software to behave differently depending on user specificities. After several brainstorming s
According to USFDA, a combination product is one composed of any combination of a drug and device; biological product and device; drug and biological product
essions where neural networks, evolutionary algorithms and other artificially intelligent techniques were considered, it appeared that swarm-like algorithms could be used, thanks to the great number of actual users (more than 10000) and more especially ant-based probabilistic optimisation that could easily be grafted
; or drug, device, and biological product and fixed dose combination would include two or more combinations of drug.
Examples of combination products may in
Examples of combination products may in
on the existing pedagogical graph constituted by the Paraschool software.
Moreover, Ant Colony systems present the interesting property of exhibiting emergent behaviour that allow individuals to benefit from the dynamic experience acquired by the collectivity, which means, in pedagogic terms that a student could bene
Moreover, Ant Colony systems present the interesting property of exhibiting emergent behaviour that allow individuals to benefit from the dynamic experience acquired by the collectivity, which means, in pedagogic terms that a student could bene
lude drug-coated devices, drugs packaged with delivery devices in medical kits, and drugs and devices packaged separately but intended to be used together.
fit from the pedagogic lessons drawn out of his peers’ successes and failures.
The implementation of these algorithms yields results that go beyond the requirements of the Paraschool company which will soon be experimenting in real size the automatic dynamic optimisation of the pedagogic graph (their set of interconn
The implementation of these algorithms yields results that go beyond the requirements of the Paraschool company which will soon be experimenting in real size the automatic dynamic optimisation of the pedagogic graph (their set of interconn
here is enormous increase in the number of combination products entering the market in the recent years. Combination products have proven advantages but fixe
ected lessons and exercises) implemented by their software. This paper successively presents a concise description of human-learning concepts and their software implementation, a short description of the technical implementation of the Ant-Colony based optimisation algorithm and a discussion on the use of various sel
d dose combinations are still in the process of convincing regulatory authority on their advantages over the single ingredient formulations.
Combination pro
Combination pro
ection operators. A set of experiments is then conducted, showing that erroneous arc probabilities can be automatically corrected by the system.
II. ELEMENTS ON THE PHILOSOPHY OF LEARNING
The main concepts of teaching and learning used nowadays are still very old. The two main currents are Constructivism, that was e
II. ELEMENTS ON THE PHILOSOPHY OF LEARNING
The main concepts of teaching and learning used nowadays are still very old. The two main currents are Constructivism, that was e
ucts have become life saving products for the pharmaceutical companies who doesn’t have many innovative molecules in their product pipeline and have been inc
laborated by Kant and Behaviourism: a theory that came from Pavlov’s experiments.
A. Constructivism
In 1781, Kant tried to synthesize rationalist and empiricist viewpoints. Kant sees the mind as an active agent, that organizes and coordinates experiences. Along these lines, Piaget states that knowledge is not simply
A. Constructivism
In 1781, Kant tried to synthesize rationalist and empiricist viewpoints. Kant sees the mind as an active agent, that organizes and coordinates experiences. Along these lines, Piaget states that knowledge is not simply
easingly used in the product life cycle management. Even the companies having product patents are trying to extend their product life cycle through the combi
“acquired,” by children bit by bit, but constructed into coherent, robust frameworks called
“knowledge structures.” Children are not passive absorbers of experience and information, but active theory builders. Papert, a mathematician, and one of the early pioneers of Artificial Intelligence (he founded the Artificia
nation products and maximize the revenues. But the companies involved in this practice are overlooking that they are burdening the patients both economically
l Intelligence Laboratory at MIT), worked with Piaget at the University of Geneva
IV. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ANT COLONY:
ALGORITHMIC OVERVIEW
All nodes (html pages) of the new Paraschool software now contain a new ACO-powered NEXT button that leads the user along an arc chosen by a selection algorithm (see section
IV. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ANT COLONY:
ALGORITHMIC OVERVIEW
All nodes (html pages) of the new Paraschool software now contain a new ACO-powered NEXT button that leads the user along an arc chosen by a selection algorithm (see section
and physically. They need to rightly judge the benefits of the combination products and they have to even look at the risks involved when combining the produ
V), based on the probability associated with the arc. This probability is computed by taking several factors into account in the design of a weighted fitness function described in the next section. These factors are the following and play at both
the individual and collective levels:
A. Pedagogic Weights: W
This p
A. Pedagogic Weights: W
This p
ts. Some of the combination products were well accepted by physicians while others suffered. Companies involved in development of combination products are fi
dagogical weight is the main value of each arc. It is implemented as a static (i.e. “global”) variable (W), accessible to all ants. (W) is set by the Paraschool teachers and reflects the relative importance of the arcs that come out of a particular node. In other words, the teachers encourage the students to go toward
ding difficulty in defining their combination products and facing various challenges from selecting a combination to marketing it.
Following aspects would a
Following aspects would a
such or such exercise after such or such lesson by giving the corresponding arc a higher weight. This valuation of the graph describes the pedagogic structure that will be optimized by the ACO algorithm
B. Pheromones: S and F
There are two kinds of pheromones that can be released on arcs to reflect students’ activi
B. Pheromones: S and F
There are two kinds of pheromones that can be released on arcs to reflect students’ activi
dd to the challenges in developing combination products:
Which markets to tap where the combination products can do fairly well?
Which combination prod
Which markets to tap where the combination products can do fairly well?
Which combination prod
ty:
S: success pheromone. This floating point value is incremented by ants/students on the adequate incoming arcs when they are successful in completing the corresponding exercise.
F: failure pheromone. This last value is S’s counterpart for failure. These pheromones are released not only on the arc that led t
S: success pheromone. This floating point value is incremented by ants/students on the adequate incoming arcs when they are successful in completing the corresponding exercise.
F: failure pheromone. This last value is S’s counterpart for failure. These pheromones are released not only on the arc that led t
cts are meaningful and rational?
Which therapeutic categories to select?
Which Combinations can address unmet needs of the patients?
Do combin
Which therapeutic categories to select?
Which Combinations can address unmet needs of the patients?
Do combin
he ant to that node but also on previous ones in the ant’s history with decreasing amplitude.
This is meant to reflect the fact that the outcome of a particular node (exercise) is influenced by all the nodes (lessons, exercises) the ant went through before but with an influence that, of course, diminishes with time.
This is meant to reflect the fact that the outcome of a particular node (exercise) is influenced by all the nodes (lessons, exercises) the ant went through before but with an influence that, of course, diminishes with time.
tions increase the patient compliance?
What would be the developing cost?
How to tackle the risks encountered during combination product developmen
What would be the developing cost?
How to tackle the risks encountered during combination product developmen
For obvious pragmatical reasons, this "back propagation" of pheromone release is limited in scope (atypical value of 4 has been agreed upon). To illustrate this, let us consider an ant that went through nodes A,B,C,D,E,F and that reaches node G. When it validates node G with success, 1 unit of success pheromone is dro
t?
As combination products don't fit into the traditional categories of drugs, medical devices, or biological products, the USFDA is in the process of devel
As combination products don't fit into the traditional categories of drugs, medical devices, or biological products, the USFDA is in the process of devel
pped on arc (F,G), 1/2 unit on arc (E,F), 1/3 of a unit on arc (D,E) and 1/4 on arc (C,D). In addition, to allow for dynamic adaptability of these pheromone amounts (S and F), evaporation is performed on a regular basis, usually every day, by reducing S and F in a given proportion _ typically around 0.999.
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
ping new procedures for reviewing their safety, efficacy and quality.
Professional from academic institutions, pharmaceutical industries, health care indust
Professional from academic institutions, pharmaceutical industries, health care indust
S AND PERSPECTIVE
Paraschool wanted a smart automatic system that could adapt to different users without manual intervention, which would be totally unrealistic to envisage on 10000 students. The ant-based system described in this paper not only offers such automatic features by gradually modifying pedagogic paths s
Paraschool wanted a smart automatic system that could adapt to different users without manual intervention, which would be totally unrealistic to envisage on 10000 students. The ant-based system described in this paper not only offers such automatic features by gradually modifying pedagogic paths s
y and representatives from various regulatory agencies are working out to design the regulatory requirements for manufacture and sale of combination products
uggested by teachers using collective experience and by making the structure individual-specific thanks to variables such as H but also comes up with emergent informations that can be used as a refined auditing tool to help the pedagogical team identify the strengths and weaknesses of the software and pedagogic materi
.
As there is an increasing trend of the combination products companies manufacturing such products should be able to tackle the problems involved in the de
As there is an increasing trend of the combination products companies manufacturing such products should be able to tackle the problems involved in the de
al.
From a more theoretical standpoint, this work can be seen as a new take on Interactive Evolutionary Computation where the solution to a problem is gradually constructed and modified by multiple interacting entities with different and possibly opposite goals. A creative and robust compromise can be reached that ba
From a more theoretical standpoint, this work can be seen as a new take on Interactive Evolutionary Computation where the solution to a problem is gradually constructed and modified by multiple interacting entities with different and possibly opposite goals. A creative and robust compromise can be reached that ba
elopment. They need to be wiser in analyzing the market trends and the regulatory requirements.
Companies that provide selfless information through particip
Companies that provide selfless information through particip
lances all the influences and constraints, which allows all participating entities to benefit from an emergent culture and to enhance their decision making processes accordingly. This suggest a great deal of new and exciting applications in the field of Collective Cognition Modelling and Collective Evolutionary Design
tion in industry events and feedback to regulatory authorities would be able to face the challenges and will be successful in developing combination products
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